Well as you may know I'm in Australia but I'll give it a go anyway, and our system is very similar in many ways to that of the US, Uk, etc.
We get every bit of info known about the child/ren we foster. Right down to routines at home, reason for being in care, known family members, significant people in the child's life, etc. Confidentiality is upheld but it's important for us to know these small details to better connect the child's previous and present life. These details are passed along between carers and also to the original parents. When my children have been reunified I work very closely with their parents to ensure I give them as much info as possible about their children to help them settle better.
As for photos, I'm a photo fiend and take pictures every day of my kids. Lol at your camera comment, btw. I try to capture any first steps, words, day at school etc and keep these for myself as well as pass them onto the natural parents. I also keep other records on any other information that could be important to the future care of the child/ren and share these with the case worker.
My kids also have a photo album/life story book for themselves of their time in care.
That all said, it really depends on the foster parents as to how much of this is done. Some carers are busier than others and some place more importance on it than others, but I'm willing to bet somewhere there will be some kind of records to help you fill in the blanks a bit. Go for it, you should be entitled to know how the first few months of your life were spent.
Good luck!
ETA: I also forgot to mention that if I foster a newborn or infant, I also make sure that all records of health visits, immunisaton, etc are kept up to date and passed along to a worker. That may be a good place to start also.